Women at menopause may present with
depression. In the diagnosis and management of this condition, several
risk factors may be considered. Which of the following psychiatric,
systemic, or social factor is not associated
with increased risk of perimenopausal depression?
A. Social disadvantage.
B. Chronic systemic illness.
C. Prior history of depression.
D. Prominent vasomotor symptoms of menopause.
E. Parental death and children leaving home ("empty
nest").